Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example Many researchers have been struggling to define and explain the leadership traits, theories, challenges and related affairs. The importance that has been given to this area of research is the importance of leadership on employees, performance and overall success of the organizations. There have been a lot of facts and myths associated with the concept of leadership. In the past, leadership was linked by people with the superhuman characteristics bestowed by God to various leaders. This idea was further developed by Weber and named as Charisma by him. The leadership charisma involved the qualities and special characteristics that leaders posses. The leaders having leadership charisma are Charismatics. The concept of Charisma actually directs towards the special power and influence of Charismatics over the followers (Rickards & Clark, p79). In addition to the concept of charisma in leadership, it has been a point of debate if leadership skills are inborn or they can be taught. Researchers have been struggling to find an appropriate answer to this. However, it is not unjust to say that the answer to this question contains an equal portion of both statements. The answer to this question has been given attention for the reason that it may help organizations have effective leaders. Brainpower is the only thing that requires being in a person naturally. Knowledge can be gained, skills can be learnt but intelligence cannot be generated. A person needs to be intelligent and sharp in order to gain knowledge and utilize it. Leadership requires certain traits in a person. These traits include strength of mind, interest to resolve issues, ready to face challenges, power to proceed with plans, will to succeed, determination and passion (Levicki, 2008). Leadership qualities, theories and concepts are valuable and useful when it comes to practical life. The leadership skills are not limited to benefit in businesses but

Organization Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organization Behavior Essay âž ¢ Anne Mulcahy at the age of 23 she was the director of human resources, head of the Xerox âž ¢ She spent her first 16 years companys fledging desktop computer business, and chief in sales, then eight years in an assortment of management of staff to Xeroxs CEO. âž ¢ She never aspired to run Xerox nor she was groomed to be CEO. In 2001 she became the CEO of Xerox. âž ¢ She accepted the position when the company was in horrible financial shape. It had $17.1 billion in debt and only $154 million in cash. It was about to begin seven straight quarters of losses. âž ¢ Mulcahy felt a deep loyalty to the company. She felt an obligation to do everything in her power to save Xerox. Duty and loyalty compelled her to take a job that nobody else really wanted, despite the fact that she had zero preparation. âž ¢ She didnt know financial analysis. She had no MBA and her undergraduate degree was in English/journalism. So she asked the companys director of corporate finance to give her a cram course in Balance Sheet 101. He helped her to understand debt structure, inventory trends, and the impact of taxes and currency rates. âž ¢ This allowed her to see what would generate cash and how each of her decisions would affect the balance sheet. Mulcahy says now that her lack of training had its advantages. She had no preconceived notions, no time to develop bad habits. âž ¢ She appealed to employees with missionary zeal, in videos and in person to save each dollar as if it were your own. In 2002, for instance, she gave all employees their birthdays an off. The gentle pressure was vintage Mulcahy: Work hard, measure the results, tell the truth, and be brutally honest. âž ¢ After less than two years as CEO, Mulcahy has made startling progress in turning Xerox around. Employees appreciated her truthful and straightforward style. They also liked the fact that she was willing to work shoulder to shoulder with subordinates âž ¢ She was working hard, people felt obligated to work harder too. But Mulcahy is no softy. Shes smart, energetic, tough but passionate. âž ¢ She showed the ability to make hard decisions. For instance, she slashed costs in part by cutting Xeroxs workforce by 30 percent and she shut down desktop division. She oversaw the streamlining of production, new investment in research and development, and restructured the sales force so vague lines of authority became clear. She met with bankers and customers. âž ¢ In 2003, Xerox had had four straight quarters of operating profits. The companys stock was up to $11 a share. And while Xeroxs future was still far from secure, at least it was beginning to look like the company would have future. 1. How did Anne Mulcahy create trust with employees after becoming CEO? âž ¢ We see that Anne Mulcahy is the ultimate loyal employee in Xerox. She represented herself as a Savior who would deliver them from the storm though she didn’t have any vision nor she was trained but she was determined in doing her task. Duty and loyalty compelled her to take a job that nobody else really wanted. âž ¢ Though she didn’t have any knowledge in financial aspects she learned in the short span of time and took initiative to cut costs by using strategies like reducing the work force, which was a smart move of cutting cost, and she restructured sales force, etc. âž ¢ She appealed to employees with missionary zeal, in videos and in person to save each dollar as if it were your own† âž ¢ She believed in these words that it is an era to work hard, measure the results, tell the truth, and be brutally honest. âž ¢ That is how employees, appreciated her truthful and straightforward style. They also liked the fact that she was willing to work shoulder to shoulder with subordinates 2.Did Mulcahy have a vision for Xerox? Explain. Anne Mulcahy had no vision or any aspiration to run Xerox. We can see this as initially when the Xeroxs board chose her as CEO of Xerox. She was neither groomed nor aspired for this position. But she accepted the position with a mixed feeling. She took the position when the company was dooming. She had a deep loyalty to the company and she realized her responsibility to save Xerox although she was not prepared. But she had a determination to save Xerox. 3. What qualities do you think helped Mulcahy to affect the turnaround at Xerox? âž ¢ Charismatic quality: She has an inborn quality to stand in any kind of situation that is a special quality of determination to serve her company. âž ¢ She also had inner qualities like self-confidence, Problem-solving ability. When she took the position of CEO the company was in horrible financial shape. A leader needs lots of self-confidence in such situation, which Anne Mulcahy had. âž ¢ She stood to save her company and sole the crisis. Mulcahy wasnt groomed for the CEO position is a true understatement. For instance, she didnt know financial analysis. She had no MBA and her undergraduate degree was in English/journalism. So she asked the companys director of corporate finance to give her a cram course in Balance Sheet 101. He helped her to understand debt structure, inventory trends, and the impact of taxes and currency rates. This allowed her to see what would generate cash and how each of her decisions would affect the balance sheet. Mulcahy says now that her lack of training had its advantages. She had no preconceived notions, no time to develop bad habits. âž ¢ Passionate: She was passionate in doing her work and also influenced others to follow her and she believed that employees should â€Å"Work hard, measure the results, tell the truth, and be brutally honest.† âž ¢ She also had other qualities like smartness, energetic, tough but passionate 4.What does this case say about leadership experience? Through this case we can see that Anne Mulcahy is a successful leader. Why a leader? Because she was a shepherd to her company leading her sheep’s. And Anne Mulcahy is said to be a leader as she lead her people to follow her. A Leader is an individual person who initiates and implements that is what Anne Mulcahy did. She can be called a Transformational leader as she implemented changes. For instance she slashed costs in part by cutting Xeroxs workforce by 30 percent and she shut down desktop division. She oversaw the streamlining of production, new investment in research and development, an restructured the sales force so vague lines of authority became clear. She met with bankers and customers. Most importantly, she traveled. She galvanized the troops visiting Xerox offices—sometimes hitting three cities a day—and inspiring employees. This is what matters as a leader to influence people to follow them. And she led her company from â€Å"rags to riches†

Defining Good Advice :: Definition Essays

Defining Good Advice The first thing I know about good advice is that it can come from anyone. I found this out by looking at the narrative stories that we had to write in the beginning of this assignment. For example, J.Lutts got his advice from a friend, while Chris Lefstad got his advice from his uncle, and Nate Hilson and Nate Hall both got their advice from their parents. Although, Robyn Isaacs says, â€Å"Usually it (advice) is given to me by someone I know and trust on a personal level.† I don’t totally agree with this. I think that good advice can come from people we don’t know. For instance, take the three text book examples of giving advice on using contractions. I don’t personally know any of the people that are giving me this advice. The part that I do agree with Robyn is that you do need to trust the person on a personal level. I trust that the authors of these text books know what they are talking about when they give me advice on using contractions. I wouldnâ₠¬â„¢t take advice from a five-year old on when to use contractions, and when not to use contractions. The next thing that good advice depends on is how it is said. Sometimes when I get good advice, it needs to be expressed in an urgent way. Someone can yell at me to get out of the way when I am walking right into traffic. It is good advice and it needed to be hollered at me, otherwise I wouldn’t have paid attention to it, and I wouldn’t know how important this advice is to me. But other times, good advice needs to be said on the same level as I am on. I wouldn’t want my dad to yell at me when he was giving me advice on switching schools. I wouldn’t listen to him. He has to talk to me on the same level. I wouldn’t ask someone for advice if I didn’t think that they would give it thought, and suggest to me in an appropriate way, what their opinion on the subject is. That leads to another characteristic of good advice. When I seek good advice, I am going to go to someone that knows something about what I am going to ask. Chris Lefstad asked his uncle for advice on choosing a specific career in computers because his uncle went through the same thing.

Island :: essays research papers

I came to the conclusion that Langston was writing about te struggle to freedom for blacs. Lanston Hughes wrote about racism often in his poems, and this particular poem seems to follow that pattern. Hughes gives the feeling of loneliness and dismay at the fact that he is not considered equal to white people. The poem represents the struggle for freedom and to be considered equal. The speaker conveys a feeling of sadness and loneliness in the tone of their voice, as stated in the opening sentence of the poem. "Wave of sorrow", expresses the sadness, by the speaker who I interpret to be a black person caught up in the struggle to have equal right. Hughes uses language that is used in everday life. There are no obsolete of slang words incorporated in the course of the poem. The author uses static imagery, painting a picture of an island standing alone by itself off in the distance. I see a sunny, smoothe sandy island surrounded by cal waters and a warm atmosphere. Langston Hughes uses four stanzas which are all couplets written in closed form. The rhyme scheme is an end rhyme with the pattern ab cb cd ad. This is a unique poem structure with the first line reapeating itself again in line seven, and the third line repeating itself again in line five. This is a lyric poem, meditation, which in this case th physical object is the island. The rhythm is set to be short quck verses with pauses to lead into each couplet. The word choice of the poem is use to keep the poem's structure short and compact. The word order is slightly different from normal use. The unconventional syntax is used to create a rhyme scheme. I decided to do this poem because of the versatility of the meaning. The way Hughes writes "Island" it leaves the reader to develop their own opinions of the author's meaning. This poem can be interpreted in many different ways, for instance: I also thought that this poem could mean a person is close to reaching their goal and by saying "Wave of sorrow, Take me there", I interpreted that as meaning they needed some sort of motivation to point

What is Euthanasia?

Euthanasia is one of the most highly discussed topic in society today. It is not morally correct it has to do with killing someone and ruins the intrinsic value of a human being. That is my argument towards euthanasia. Euthanasia goes against nature. Those that oppose say that it is mercy killing, but it is still killing. I am with the majority who are against this so-called mercy killing. Before presenting my arguments, it would be best to define the term â€Å"euthanasia†. Euthanasia can be defined in many ways. Here are categories that fall in with the term euthanasia. â€Å"The term involuntary euthanasia is where the decision is not made by the person who is to die; the patient's life is ended without the knowledge and consent. It is basically a form of murder. Passive euthanasia is to speed up the process of death to a person and stopping some type of support to let that take its course.' (academic, coup) Like: stopping a form of medical procedure, stopping nutrients of food and water and allowing the person to dehydrate or starve to death, with that not delivering CPR. â€Å"The term active euthanasia involves causing the death of a person through a direct action, in response from that person.† (ACADEMIC.COUP) A well-known example of that is the case of Dr. Kevorkian. He gave a lethal dose of medicine to kill a terminally ill patient. Dr. Jack Kevorkian was a retired pathologist who assisted in the deaths of over 130 people. The famous court case of Dr. Jack Kevorkian brought awareness to the controversial issue of euthanasia to the public. â€Å"In Michigan, Dr. Jack Kevorkian was convicted of the second-degree murder because he administered a controlled substance to end the life of Thomas Youk and had prepared a video showing his action and let the video be broadcast on national television (NY Times). A different yet similar situation and legal case would come about Saskatchewan, Canada when a wheat farmer named Robert Latimer would take the question of euthanasia into his own hands. â€Å"Robert Latimer murdered his young daughter, Tracy, on October 24th, 2008. Behind the reasoning of Latimer's act which was immoral is that he couldn't help to see his daughter suffering from a severe form of cerebral palsy and her disability. He killed her by placing Tracy in the back of his car and ran a hose from the exhaust to the cab, while he watched her die. Latimer was then convicted on November 4,1993 of first-degree murder. The year after he was convicted of second-degree murder.† (Inclusion Daily). So the question is: what's the difference between his actions of killing his Tracy who suffers from serious pain, and a doctor who received given permission to kill an individual who is also suffering from pain? Eventually Dr. Jack Kevorkian, and Robert Latimer, were both charged with murder because they chose to practice euthanasia. If murder is prohibited by law because people take murder into their own hands to kill others, then why shouldn't euthanasia be too since doctors kill their patients even if there is consent. A doctor must receive authorization to assist in the death of a patient who is overly sick. Because of this many have questioned why doesn't Robert Latimer have the right to take his own daughters life, since a doctor would have had to ask him anyways to have the right to kill Tracy? Latimer apparently saved his daughter from suffering, which is the same reason many people.

Divine Horsemen essays

Divine Horsemen essays After viewing Maya Derens film Divine Horsemen: The Living Gods of Haiti, it is clear that Deren is depicting the beauty and power of the Haitian Voodoo ceremonies. We are able to experience this through narration explaining the different ceremonies, her focus on music of the ceremony, dance and her cinematography techniques giving you a better understanding of this practice. Any false perceptions that we have had about this mysterious religion in this traditional society she clearly clarifies. In American culture there are many false perceptions on the sociality of religion in other societies, the mere word conjures images of doll stuck with pins, evil zombies. This film completely shows that this way of life is exaggerated in Hollywood films. An example of a fiction film is The Serpent and the Rainbow. An anthropologist in the film goes to Haiti in search of a magic powder that will heal and make the dead walk. In his search he witnesses strange and bizarre incidents such as walking zombies, curses, live burial. Deren shows us the positive motivation behind the several ceremonies and the narration definitely helps understand that ceremonies are a way of communicating with the divine through several spirits or what they call Loa. In the film she shows a ceremony where a man dressed in white that is dancing to the drums being played by another man is surrounded by other persons who are singing. He then starts to gyrate as if he was having an epileptic seizure, swinging his hands and the camera continues to do a close-up on him to the point where you see how his eyes looked, as if something had hypnotized him or he was being controlled by a spirit. This was the ceremony for the Loa Legba. The narration explains that Legba is the god of the crossroads and is very important to the Haitians as he is given the ultimate respect that is displayed when the people all move back and give him space so that he can bring...

9 Myths About Learning Italian

9 Myths About Learning Italian Its easy to listen to popular opinions about how difficult it is to learn a language.   But just like any other self-improvement activity or skill (dieting, working out, and sticking to a budget come to mind), you can convince yourself with a multitude of excuses why you cant pronounce Italian words or conjugate Italian verbs  or you can use that time and energy to learn la bella lingua. To help you get over that as quickly as possible, here are ten of the most common myths about learning Italian. Italian is More Difficult to Learn Than English Reality:  Research shows that Italian is  easier to learn English. Beyond the scientific reasons, though, as a child, no one knows any better when learning to speak their native tongue. One way around the frustration when learning Italian is to remember that everyone was a beginner at one time. Children laugh and enjoy speaking and singing nonsense words for the sheer joy of hearing themselves. As the Italian proverb says, Sbagliando simpara - by making mistakes one learns.   I Wont Be Able to Roll My Rs Reality: The fact is, some Italians cannot roll their Rs either. Its called la erre moscia (soft r), its oftentimes a result of a regional accent or dialect and also traditionally associated with upper-class speech. Italians from the north of Italy, especially in the northwest region of Piedmont (close to the French border), are famous for this speech variation - which shouldnt be a surprise, given the influence of the French language on the local dialect. In fact, the linguistic phenomenon is also called la erre alla francese. For those who do want to learn to roll their Rs, try placing your tongue against the roof of your mouth (near the front) and trill your tongue. If all else fails, pretend youre revving up a motorcycle or repeat the following English terms a few times: ladder, pot o tea, or butter There Arent Any Schools Near My Home Reality: Who needs a school? You can study Italian online, listen to a podcast,  listen to Italian audio, or find an Italian pen pal to practice writing. In short, the Internet is a multimedia platform where you can utilize all the elements necessary to learn Italian. Ill Never Use Italian Reality: No matter your motivation for learning Italian, new opportunities can present themselves in ways you cannot imagine initially. Youll make friends when you visit, find a TV show you love, or perhaps, even fall in love yourself. Who knows? Im Too Old to Learn Italian Reality:  People of all ages can learn Italian. To a certain extent, its a question of determination and dedication. So stop procrastinating and start practicing! No One I Know Speaks Italian, So Theres No Opportunity to Practice Reality:  Contact the Italian department at your local college or an Italian American organization since they frequently sponsor wine tastings or other events where participants can meet and mingle to practice Italian. Or join your local Italian Language Meetup group. Organized by Meetup.com, the Italian Language Meetup is a free gathering at a local venue for anyone interested in learning, practicing, or teaching Italian. Native Italians Wont Understand Me Reality:  If you make an effort, chances are theyll parse out what youre saying. Try  Italian hand gestures, too. And if you strike up a conversation, youll be practicing Italian. An important part of learning to speak Italian is building your self-confidence - so the more you try to express yourself, the quicker youll learn the language.   Im Only Visiting Italy for a Short Time, So Why Bother? Reality:  Why bother, indeed? Travelers to Italy will want to learn Italian survival phrases to help them with both the practical (you do want to know where the bathroom is, dont you?) as well as the mundane (i.e.,  how to decipher an Italian menu).   I Have to Use a Textbook to Study Italian, and I  Dont Like Them Reality:  There are  many effective ways to study Italian. Whether its reading an Italian textbook, completing workbook exercises, listening to a tape or CD, or conversing with a native Italian speaker, any method is appropriate.

Democracy and Industrialization Essays

Democracy and Industrialization Essays Democracy and Industrialization Paper Democracy and Industrialization Paper Democracy and Industrialization were both key factors in the development of western and non-western civilizations. These two forces of change were equally significant in their impacts on society. By exploring the distinctive characteristics of these two forces, it becomes very clear just how important each of them were to our world, both yesterday and today. Furthermore, after dissecting important information from primary and visual sources, I will explain how they illustrate this impact of change on society. Democracy The enforcement of democracy has been a significant issue in the organization of many societies over hundreds of years through out history. In order to understand the profound effects of democracy, one must first understand the meaning and history behind it. â€Å"The word comes from two Greek words: demos, meaning â€Å"the people, and kratein, meaning to rule. These two words are joined together to form democracy, literally meaning to rule by the people† (Barr, E. , Rankin, T. Baird, J. 1999, History of Democracy). The Greeks were the creators of democracy. They formed this style of government because they desired to have a system that was a direct opposite form of government than a dictatorship. Because they were the creators of democracy, it is apparent that their form of government was the closest to a true democracy than any other society that has proceeded them thus far. â€Å"Their civilization was broken down into small city-states (never more than 10,000 citizens), and all the men voted on all issues of government. There were no representatives in the Greek system of government. Instead, they ruled themselves directly; each man was a life long member of the decision making body† (Barr, E. , Rankin, T. Baird, J. 1999, History of Democracy). This idea, that citizens should be involved in the decision making process of their own government, carried on to the Roman Empire as well, another non-western civilization. Its concepts survived and eventually even carried on to the western societies, such as England, France, and of course, The United States of America. According to the text, World Civilizations, the American Revolution was the foundation for which democracy was truly established in the United States, because it called for an end to â€Å"the power of sovereign central government over the colonies† (Sherman, D. others, 2006, p. 112). By exploring two relevant visual sources in the World Civilizations text, it is more clearly understood how and when the decolonizations took place. Map 19-1 of the text illustrates the extent of European control during the late 18th century, prior to the wars of independence (Sherman, D. others, 2006, p. 10). In contrast, map 19-2 shows the development of the new nation states that were established at the beginning of the 19th century (Sherman, D. others, 2006, p. 111). By comparing the difference between these two maps, it is clear to see how rapidly the European Colonial systems diminished during the passing of such a short period of time. After the break away from the rule of Great Britain, â€Å"the new central government created in America by the Articles of Confederation was, in a negative sense at least, a democratic government† (Sherman, D. others, 2006, p. 113). Our American form of democracy had several problems during its establishment, such as the fact that slaves and women were given no rights. However, this was also true during the times of the great Greek democracy. The exceptional difference within the American form of democracy, however, is that it gave a way for future changes to be made by means of the Constitution. Unlike the Greek system, which continued its suppression of women and minorities, the American form of democracy has adapted to changes made through out the years, in order to truly stand by the claim that all men are created equal. In today’s great American democracy, it no longer matters what racial or religious background a person is from, nor the color of their skin, nor their gender. Anyone willing and able may take part in our governmental system, whether it is by casting a ballot during a state-wide election, or even running for a political position, such as the Presidency of the United States. Industrialization According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Industrialization is defined as, â€Å"the process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant† (www. britannica. com). The changes that took place in England during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and 19th centuries provided a prototype for the early American Industrialization later on. The onset of the Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in humankind’s history, because almost every aspect of daily life and human society was eventually influenced in some way. According to the text, the exact reasoning behind why Industrialization occurred in England is a topic that is still up for debate. However, there background of England at the time does offer some insight as to why an Industrial Revolution was inevitable. These reasons include England’s transformation from a feudal society into a commercial one, as well as its â€Å"unique enthusiasm for science and engineering† (Sherman, D. others, 2006, p. 95). An outstanding visual source is depicted in illustration 18-2 of our text, in which there is a scene painted of several welders pounding away at metal objects, while bridges are being built behind them and the streets are busy with middle class workers (Sherman, D. others, 2006, p. 92). This picture is an excellent depiction of the everyday lives of the working class citizens during those times. It’s as if the Industrialization was brought back to life through this painting, so that we could get a glimpse into the past. Without this class of citizens, industrialization of England, or any other country, would not have been possible. Drawing from the sources from chapter seventeen of the text, World Civilizations, there were many social developments that were related to industrialization. Apparently, â€Å"In the wake of industrialization came great social changes† (Sherman, D. others, 2006. p. 81). Industrialization affected the middle and working classes the most. Both classes grew significantly in numbers and they both climbed up on the social ladder. In addition, urban areas grew, which was where these two classes worked and lived. The middle class was able to enjoy a â€Å"rising standard of living, increased prestige, and growing political influence† (Sherman, D. others, 2006, pp. 81-82). The working class, on the other hand, was affected in many negative ways by the industrialization. â€Å"Clearly it was this class that bore the burdens of urban social problems: overcrowded slums, poor sanitation, insufficient social services, and a host of related problems (Sherman, D. others, 2006, pp. 82). In addition, the other classes, such as the peasants, the artisans, and the aristocracy, begin to diminish because those classes were associated with the older ways of production, such as the agricultural economy. In addition to manpower, there needed to be tools and technological advances made in order for industrialization to take place in Europe as well as America. The steam engine, which was developed by James Watt, was probably the single most important technological advance that helped industrialization to thrive. After James Watt improved the design of the steam engine, this type of engine quickly was applied to other industriesto power railroad locomotives, ships, and later the first automobiles. † (Backer, P. , date unknown, The Cause of the Industrial Revolution). So, although the causes of industrialization may be debatable, it is certain that the effects of it are still profoundly affecting societies all around the world, even till this day. In conclusion, democracy and industrialization were both key factors in the development of western and non-western civilizations. These two forces of change were equally significant in their impacts on society. By exploring the distinctive characteristics of these two forces, it has been made very clear just how important each of them were to our world, both yesterday and today. Furthermore, after dissecting important information from primary and visual sources, I have illustrated this impact of change on society. Both concepts were important to our world’s past, and both will continue to play a significant role in our world’s future societies. References Barr, E. , Rankin, T. Baird, J. (1999). History of Democracy. Retrieved 10/10/07 from http://library. thinkquest. org/26466/history_of_democracy. html Backer, P. (unknown). The Cause of the Industrial Revolution. Retrieved 10/29/07 from engr. sjsu. edu/pabacker/causeIR. htm Industrialization. (2007). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved October 27, 2007, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: britannica. com/eb/article-9042374 Sherman, D. others. (2006). World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations (Fourth Edition). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Concrete perfomance in fire compared to other building materials Essay

Concrete perfomance in fire compared to other building materials - Essay Example al. 2006) The reason why concrete is the prime choice with regards to fire safety standards is because of its resistance and low conduction of heat. There have been numerous works performed that display this behavior of concrete to high temperatures (Kodur et. al 1997) and this paper aims to add to the pool of knowledge by comparing the performance of concrete with other building materials such as wood, aluminum and steel. This will be achieved by subjecting the four building materials in different setups and evaluating the performance of each material. The following characteristics will be measured: fire resistance, combustibility, fire load contribution, temperature, restorability and integrity after fire. Rating will be given for each of the construction material after the collation of the said parameters. That concrete leads in the said properties will be given evidence in this project. Timber or wood is known as one of the oldest construction materials known to man. It comes from felled trees and processed before utilization by cutting, strengthening and polishing to name a few steps. The most common trees that are used as timber are pine, cedar and hemlock. Fir and spruce also serve the same purpose as several hardwoods. The advantages of using wood include: flexibility, warmth, provides good insulation, safe, lightweight but strong and durable (Roadmap 2008). Disadvantages include: prone to rotting, termite and fire damage (Redmond 1971). Aluminum is a metal alloy in the form of iron, tin or copper and can be found abundantly in nature (Lauritzen 2008). It provides high strength to weight ratio. It also has good stress or fatigue resistance. The advantages of using aluminum in construction include flexibility, lightweight, formability, durability, low maintenance, good insulation and fire resistance (AFSA 2006). Steel is commonly made up of iron and

Gender Stereotyping of American First Ladies Term Paper

Gender Stereotyping of American First Ladies - Term Paper Example They summarized previous studies on the way that the media reported Nancy Reagan, Hillary Clinton and Barbara Bush and agreed with the observation that journalists tend to use one of four different â€Å"frames† for viewing the first ladies, namely as an escort for her husband, as a style-setter for fashionable society, in a â€Å"noblesse oblige† role doing charity works or taking a political role as a policy advisor. Earlier studies had shown that the more politically involved the presidential wife was, the less positive the new reporting was. Houchin and Winfield then analyzed media coverage of the wives of the presidential president and vice presidential candidates in the 2000 presidential election, hoping to establish what frame analyzed  used and how the First and Second Ladies’ roles are evolving. The data used in this study included personality profiles, new features, interviews, opinion columns, and campaign updates. It is clear that the wives were involved in the whole electioneering process. At first, the escort role was stressed, and then over time, an element of sacrifice was introduced, since some of these wives had given up high powered careers to support their electioneering husbands. By the end of the election campaign, the press had developed a new frame: â€Å"The Anti-Hillary.† What this study shows is that Hillary Clinton, a strong, capable politician in her own right, is seen as a negative asset to a president. One cannot help wondering what the situation would be if the roles were reversed, for example, if a woman were running for office and her husband came under press scrutiny. This is not a scenario which occurs very often, and when one looks at international examples, such as Margaret Thatcher in Great Britain, and Indira Gandhi in India, one finds that the press is not interested in their husbands as much because they are either dead or seen as irrelevant.

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Speech - Essay Example It is the character that made mother Teresa famous during her time and even many years after she died. She left a mark that has not faded. Nobody has been equated to her, and she is the reason as to why her life is celebrated by all people who appreciate helping others. There are many worshipers and followers of Christ in the world. However, not many are remembered for their faith. Mother Teresa stands as a beacon of light since all her deeds were Godly. She has not been associated with any sin, and no critics have been raised against her. She was able to live a humble life and help other people despite not being rich. Her message was proclaimed through her actions unlike most believers who do it by word of mouth. She always emphasized that rich and poor are equal, and they all deserve attention and help. She always taught people around her how to love and care for the needy. â€Å"Love is not measurable by money or anything material† was her main message each time she spoke to people (Spink 198). Accomplishing her mission was not easy. She was subject to criticism and struggles were her way of life. The unsupportive society did not stop her from achieving what she was destined to achieve. She was not discriminative, and she believed that offering a helping hand what her main reason for living. It is surprising that she loved all the people that she came across. She would not take a meal while someone within her proximity slept hungry. Her firm foundation in faith and love kept her sailing and rising above the odds. Despite being a Christian, she helped everyone regardless of their religion, beliefs or race. She always said that judging other people formed a barrier to extending support. She offered her help to anyone who needed it. She was not rich and did not have enough support for all people. However, she ensured that the people she encountered felt loved and

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art - Essay Example Terre Haute, Indiana is a goldmine for such historical architectural creations. In these regards, the city contains such seminal buildings as the Condit House, the Terminal Arcade, and the Paul Dresser birthplace. Still, perhaps the most historic of Terre Haute buildings is the State Bank of Indiana. This essay examines this building’s Greek Revival architectural style through an examination of its historical, architectural, and aesthetic elements. Analysis While the Terre Haute branch of the State Bank of Indiana officially ended operation in 1859, the bank has remained a prominent piece of local architecture. The branch itself was first formed in 1834. Fig. 1 contains a current image of the bank. As the image depicts, the bank is Fig. 1 State Bank of Indiana currently occupied by Kesler & Kesler law offices. The bank implements Greek revival architecture. One considers that this form of architecture was also prominently implemented in the construction of Federal banking stru ctures at the time. This architectural style was not only reminiscent of the Terre Haute bank, but also thematic among much 19th century American and European architecture. The Greek Revival movement was a significant movement in both the United States and Europe. In large part this movement emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries following a rediscovery of many of the architectural and cultural elements that pervaded ancient Greek society. Prior to this period relatively little was known about this Greek culture, outside of what was known from literary sources. In the mid-1750s, however, serious archeological expeditions began into ancient Greece. Perhaps the most prominent of these expeditions were those conducted by James Stuart. Following many of Stuart’s discoveries European elite society assumed a new interest in Greek culture. It was not long before many architectural projects were undertaken, all of them working to emulate the Greek style. Within European so ciety the construction of these building was interpreted as a cultural shift towards a new level of sobriety and restraint and eventually as a means of asserting a new level of nationalism. It was not long before such design principles moved from European society to the United States. In this way Thomas Jefferson was one of the most seminal figures, as he is noted for owning a copy of the book Antiquities of Athens. While Jefferson himself was not an architect he perhaps made the greatest contribution to popularizing the style within the United States, as he hired Benjamin Henry Latrobe as the official surveyor for the country. Latrobe would go on to design a number of buildings in the Greek Revival school of architecture. Among the most prominent of these constructions are the Bank of Pennsylvania and the Supreme Court interior. Towards the 1830s a second Greek Revival movement emerged in the United States. During this period the Latrobe designed the Second Bank of the United State s. There is the recognition then that this bank not only held a conceptual linkage to the Terre Haute building, but also a structural similarity. While a branch of the State Bank of Indiana is located in Terre Haute, Indiana, there were additionally a number of state banks created during the same time. In

Topic Paper # 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Topic Paper # 2 - Essay Example Illusion arises from a feeling of 'something is right' when it isn't, the most common one being the Mirage of the desert. The brain's orientation, which depends on visual system and vestibular system (middle ear), is given a wrong input of the existing situation by these organs. This results in instinctual corrective action, which, if not based on facts but feelings, can lead to extremely dangerous situation in the air. Some sensory receptors throughout the body like pressure, stress, vibrations, position sense, temperature and discomfort also provide inputs to the brain prompting instinctual corrective action from the pilot. If this happens closer to the ground with inadequate understanding of the situation on the part of the pilot and inadequate time to switch over to aircraft instruments, the result could be a disaster affecting hundreds of lives direcly and thousands indirectly (Brock, 1998). Some important sensory illusions affecting the man in the air are discussed in succeedin g paragraphs. Spatial disorientation can be of two kinds: False perception, where pilot does not realise the gravity of the situation and Conflicting perception in which the pilot feels a conflict between his feelings and the information provided by aircraft instruments. Former is the more critical one to understand and important to take precautions against. This is inaccurate feeling or per... The visual system is by far most critical, and helps in determining speed and direction of flight with reference to some stationary input, like cloud or ground. These provide critical information to orient oneself on ground and also in the air. Even birds cannot fly without visual references, like, say in clouds or fog. Only bats have a developed auditory echo-location system (like Radar) so as to fly without problems at night (Antunano). Hence, it is normal for us humans to have difficulty in poor visibility conditions like in clouds o fog. Some important visual illusions affecting flight are being discussed below: Relative Motion Illusion. This happens when, for example, when the adjoining train moves, it gives us a false feeling of movement of our own train. Similar illusion in aircraft, for example in formation flying, can cause dangerous response from the pilot leading to mid-air collision. This is not an unfamiliar experience in military flying. Autokinetic Illusion. On a dark featureless night, when the pilot stares towards a stationary light like a star or other aircraft light, it appears to be moving after some time giving a false impression of it to be on a collision course with own aircraft. This again might prompt an unwarranted response from the pilot transfixed on to some harmless feature (Antunano and Mohler, 1992). To avoid this situation, pilots are trained to carry out random scanning and avoid visual fixation (Brock, 1998). Illusion due to Runway Width, Slope etc. Illusions due to sloping runways or different width/length than standard lead to a pilot assuming wrongly about his visual glide path, flare height and attempting to correct it closer to ground may lead him to entering a

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art - Essay Example Terre Haute, Indiana is a goldmine for such historical architectural creations. In these regards, the city contains such seminal buildings as the Condit House, the Terminal Arcade, and the Paul Dresser birthplace. Still, perhaps the most historic of Terre Haute buildings is the State Bank of Indiana. This essay examines this building’s Greek Revival architectural style through an examination of its historical, architectural, and aesthetic elements. Analysis While the Terre Haute branch of the State Bank of Indiana officially ended operation in 1859, the bank has remained a prominent piece of local architecture. The branch itself was first formed in 1834. Fig. 1 contains a current image of the bank. As the image depicts, the bank is Fig. 1 State Bank of Indiana currently occupied by Kesler & Kesler law offices. The bank implements Greek revival architecture. One considers that this form of architecture was also prominently implemented in the construction of Federal banking stru ctures at the time. This architectural style was not only reminiscent of the Terre Haute bank, but also thematic among much 19th century American and European architecture. The Greek Revival movement was a significant movement in both the United States and Europe. In large part this movement emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries following a rediscovery of many of the architectural and cultural elements that pervaded ancient Greek society. Prior to this period relatively little was known about this Greek culture, outside of what was known from literary sources. In the mid-1750s, however, serious archeological expeditions began into ancient Greece. Perhaps the most prominent of these expeditions were those conducted by James Stuart. Following many of Stuart’s discoveries European elite society assumed a new interest in Greek culture. It was not long before many architectural projects were undertaken, all of them working to emulate the Greek style. Within European so ciety the construction of these building was interpreted as a cultural shift towards a new level of sobriety and restraint and eventually as a means of asserting a new level of nationalism. It was not long before such design principles moved from European society to the United States. In this way Thomas Jefferson was one of the most seminal figures, as he is noted for owning a copy of the book Antiquities of Athens. While Jefferson himself was not an architect he perhaps made the greatest contribution to popularizing the style within the United States, as he hired Benjamin Henry Latrobe as the official surveyor for the country. Latrobe would go on to design a number of buildings in the Greek Revival school of architecture. Among the most prominent of these constructions are the Bank of Pennsylvania and the Supreme Court interior. Towards the 1830s a second Greek Revival movement emerged in the United States. During this period the Latrobe designed the Second Bank of the United State s. There is the recognition then that this bank not only held a conceptual linkage to the Terre Haute building, but also a structural similarity. While a branch of the State Bank of Indiana is located in Terre Haute, Indiana, there were additionally a number of state banks created during the same time. In

American Sci-fi Films of the 1990s Research Paper

American Sci-fi Films of the 1990s - Research Paper Example At this point, we saw more realistic and even more grandiose computer-generated images on our movie screens. The digital world made the impossible possible and exemplified the reality that anything and everything can now be translated to the big screen (Hall and Neale, 253). Since everything can be done in computers, what was previously ‘unfilmable’ was now a distinct possibility for many filmmakers. Through digital technology, battles in space through the film ‘Starship Troopers’ became a much more realistic fare and floating on air became less of a wire-controlled exercise in the movie ‘The Matrix.’ The themes for most science fiction movies however, for the most part, retained elements of violence seen in earlier science fiction movies. Violence in these movies is in its bigger picture. It is important to note that the 1990s also signify the post Cold War period, and yet, the threats of smart bombs and high technology weaponry very much grace these 90s movies (Rukeyser, 45). We also see the media spectacles of the Gulf Wars translated in movies, and later, that of the war on terrorism. â€Å"The Cold War may be over and the threat of a nuclear war lessened, but in both the fantasies of science fiction film and the â€Å"reality† of the news, violence is in our face – enhanced and perfected with military and media technology, but violence nonetheless† (Rukeyser, 45). These new avenues for entertainment have taken on more picturesque images in film and the popularity of such films has grown even more. As the violence has evolved throughout the years, the darker and more violent image of the future have also been seen in these films. These darker and more violent depictions highlight the post-apocalytic images of the future, easily brought to life in the screen through computer-generated visual effects (Cornea, 161). These futuristic images are apparent in the movies, ‘The Matrix’, ‘ Johnny Mnemonic’, ‘The Lawnmower Man’ series, and ‘The Net.’ These movies also portray the fact that the violence and the darkness is not just in our surroundings or our environment, but they are also in us. Through these depictions the science fiction genre now exemplifies how the current reality can be thrown off guard and can be differentiated from our realistic experience of the world (Bould, 139). On a positive note, these movies seek to present a postmodernist view of the world, a rejection of all things modern and how such technological developments have ran rampant over the world and over our lives. To a certain extent, even as they utilize the modern technologies introduced in recent years, these same technologies are also depicted for the problems they have and will bring to humanity (Lopez, 137). ‘The Matrix’ movies especially show how technology has led to more problems and issues. These problems and issues created by technol ogy lend support to the importance of returning to the past and the traditional way of doing things (Rukeyser, 46). They present opposing views on modernism, portraying modernism as one which can potentially be more trouble than it is worth. The 1990s science fiction movies use different modern functions and powers. They often bring together opposing elements. In other words, science fiction is a double-edged sword (Schummer, 142). In effect, it can sometimes be rational and emotional, and it sometimes coordinates the secular and the scientific

Forecasting the Adoption of E-Books Essay Example for Free

Forecasting the Adoption of E-Books Essay Question 1 The size of the market for e-books in the long-run: 293. 7 million x 46. 7% x 8% = 10. 973 million (Total US population x percentage of US population reading literature x Percentage of traditional paper books purchased online in 2003) It will take 10 years to reach 95% penetration of the potential market. Question 2 I predict that the sale of the e-book when it first became available is 0. 751milion (pm) (Assumption: each innovator buy one book. ) Question 3 The long-run total adoption of e-books would be 10. 973 million. (Total US population x percentage of US population reading literature x Percentage of traditional paper books purchased online in 2003) Question 4 I do expect the market for e-books tend to be guided by imitators rather than innovators. According to the table above, I found that the weighted average for e-book of q (0. 0684) is larger than p (0. 2990). In addition, the word of mouth takes an important role in the adoption of e-books. The information about the e-book from the innovators contribute much to the adoption of e-books since people tend to hesitate to change their old reading habit. Question 5 S(t)=[p+(q/m)N(t-1)][m-N(t-1)] Year 1: [0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (0)][10. 973-0] = 0. 751 million Year 2: [0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (0. 751)][10. 973-0. 751] = 0. 908 million Year 3: [0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (1. 659)][10. 973-1. 659] = 1. 059 million Year 4: [0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (2. 717)][10. 973-2. 717] = 1. 176 million Year 5: [0. 0684+(0. 2990/10. 973) X (3. 893)][10. 973-3. 893] = 1. 235 million Question 6 The adoption of e-book will be very different from digital music obtained online. The adoption of e-books face more challenges when comparing to the adoption of digital music. To most of the listeners, there is not much difference in experience between listening to a song from an iPod and a CD player. Therefore, they have a relatively low switching cost and more willing to change their habits. On the contrary, to most of the readers, it is definitely very different from reading an e-book to reading a printed book. The feelings of holding a printed book and flipping over a physical book are irreplaceable. So readers are loyal to printed book and hesitate to switch from traditional books to e-books. Hence, it is reasonable to predict that the pace of adopting digital music is faster than the pace of adopting e-books. Question 7 I think both of the attitudes about reading and purchasing e-content have changed a lot in recent years. In the old time, people could read e-content via PC only. Nowadays, people are able to read e-content through various mobile devices. Therefore, they spend more time on reading e-content especially during leisure time and even commuting time. However, the quality of the reading effort is diminishing as the overload of e-content available on Internet. In addition, people tend to rely more on the e-content since it is very convenient, environmentally friendly, high mobility and high accessibility. For the attitude about purchasing e-content, more people are willing to pay for the e-content in recent years. The advanced online payment system plays an important role. People feel more secure and also convenient when dealing online ever than before. Moreover, more well-known and large-scale publishers offer more choices of e-content for readers. Besides, in the light of the prevalent of mobile device, people have more time and chances to read the e-content regardless of the time and places. Thus, people are more willing to spend on e-content than before. Question 8 The hardware plays a paramount important role in the adoption of e-books. No matter how amazing the e-content is, the e-books would not be popularized if the hardware were not user-friendly. However, a good hardware is very likely to boost sales of the e-books. It is because the hardware is a fixed cost while the e-books are the variable cost to the readers. A portable hardware with proper size of monitor and high capacity is very attractive to the readers. They no longer need to neither carry the bulky printed books nor spare some places for storage. Moreover, the hardware enables readers to read comfortably when comparing to read via PC or smart phone. It is good for the readers’ eyes. Last but not least, the hardware contributed to protecting the environment as it saves much paper. Only when the hardware preforms better than the tradition printed books, the adoption of e-books will be success. Question 9 I do expect the size and also the pattern of diffusion are quite different globally as compared to the United States. The size and the pattern of diffusion depend on many factors. Population, culture, attitude to new products, technology and even literacy could be one of the variables of the size and pattern of diffusion. Take Africa as an example; though the population size of Africa is much larger than The United States, the potential size of the market for e-books must be obviously different from the United States. So it is not difficult to understand that the size and pattern of diffusion of various places will not be similar to the United States.

Sheila birling in an inspector calls

Sheila birling in an inspector calls An Inspector Calls is a play set in Spring 1912, just before the First World War, but written by J.B. Priestley just after the Second World War. In this time Britain had a capitalist ideal. Basically if you were well-off that was great, but the vast majority of people were poor and lived off tiny wages. Furthermore it was a sexist country, so women didnt have the same rights as men. For example they were not permitted to vote until 1918, and even then they had to be over 30 until 1928 where the age was lowered to 21, equal to men. This is showed when Sheila and Sybil leave the room, so the men can talk business. Priestly may have written it at this time because he was trying to convey his socialistic views through the mouth of the Inspector, and the inclusion of dramatic irony referring to World War I a few German officers talking nonsense and a few scaremongers here making a fuss about nothing and these silly little war scares is proof that Priestley believes socialism is the best system. The Birlings are described through very detailed stage directions. For example, the Birlings are subtly described as materialistic [their house] is substantial and heavily comfortable, but not cosy and homelike. This portrays them as people who care more about appearances than comfort. The lighting is pink and intimate; this shows that they are enjoying the night and it might also suggest that they have something to hide. In the stage directions at the beginning of the play, Priestley presents Sheila, as a pretty girl in her early twenties, very pleased with life and rather excited. Sheila doesnt really contrast from the rest of the family at this stage, which would imply she is happy in this selfish, capitalist household. It is immediately apparent that Sheila and Geralds relationship is not based on love; it is more arranged and convenient. For example, Sheilas engagement to Gerald means a step up the social ladder for the Birlings as Gerald might have done better for [himself] socially. Furthermore, it appears that Birling is hoping for a business relationship between Crofts Limited and Birling and Company, for lower costs and higher prices. It shows that Birling thinks of this relationship as a means to make money, rather than to make his daughter happy. Furthermore the ring represents materialism and class, rather than love. This is shown because Sheila kisses Gerald hastily indicating a lack of romance. While Sheila looks like she is a bit childish and naÃÆ' ¯ve Mummy, isnt it beautiful? she is later seen to be quite suspicious and intelligent. For example, when she teases Gerald over his absence all last summer, she is half serious, half playful. She doesnt seem convinced he was awfully bu sy at the works. Her suspicions arent fully explored because women at the time were expected not to question their husband, which is shown when Mrs. Birling says, men with important work to do sometimes have to spend nearly all their time and energy on their business. Youll have to get used to that, just as I had. Thus at the start of the play, Sheila seems happy to have a subordinate role. When the Inspector appears the lighting changes to a brighter and harder light which gives the impression of exposure and the revelation of truth. This is significant as it shows that the Inspector will change the mood completely and it indicates secrets coming to light. The audience is enticed to trust the Inspector over Mr. Birling because Mr. Birling says a lot of things which we know not to be true dramatic irony. For example, he says that the Titanic is, unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable. The audience knows that the Titanic, of course, crashes during its voyage but Mr. Birling doesnt know this and the repetition of the word unsinkable suggests his misplaced certainty. In addition, the audience at this point believes the Inspector to be a real inspector, so they automatically think he is a trustworthy person. Something else that makes the audience more wary of Mr. Birling is when he says, Now, Inspector, perhaps you and I had better go and talk this over quietly in a corner whic h reinforces our opinion that he places money over morality. It looks like he is trying to bribe the Inspector. We also get a clear message that the Inspector is not impressed or intimidated by the social status of Mr. Birling, as many people would in that time. It is shown when Mr. Birling says, Perhaps I ought to warn you that hes an old friend of mine, and that I see him fairly frequently. We play golf together sometimes up at West Brumley followed by the response from the Inspector, (dryly) I dont play golf. This excerpt shows that people would commonly threaten people of a lower class than them using their social status and contacts, which we find out Sheila does to Eva later in the play. The Inspectors response, I dont play golf is a metaphor for saying Im not threatened by you and ultimately Im not a capitalist. This extract also voices Priestleys views on capitalism, saying how corrupt it is. When the Inspector announces the death of Eva Smith, Eric is the first to say something (involuntarily) My God! This shows that he is genuinely surprised/caring about the incident. This contrasts with what Mr. Birling says next, (rather impatiently) Yes, yes. Horrid business. But I dont understand why you should come here, Inspector. This shows how selfish Mr. Birling actually is. He obviously doesnt care about Eva, which is apparent from his impatience he just wants to know why the Inspector has bothered him. Sheila also appears caring later on when she is shown the picture of Eva Smith, She looks at it closely, recognizes it with a little cry, gives a half-stifled sob, and then runs out. This response shows she has much more remorse and guilt than Mr. Birling, who was quick to dismiss any responsibility [Me sacking her] has nothing to do with the wretched girls suicide. Eh, Inspector? We find out that Sheila is partly responsible for Eva Smiths suicide because she complained to the shop Milwards about Evas behaviour, as she was jealous of her prettiness and was in a bad mood. We realise that Sheila can be shallow and childish at times, when she says, When I tried the thing on an looked at myself and knew that it was all wrong, I caught sight of this girl smiling at Miss Francis as if to say: Doesnt she look awful and I was absolutely furious. This extract also makes her look quite vain, because she assumed that Eva was smiling about her, as if theres nothing else she could possibly be smiling about and that the world revolves around her. The childishness is also supported by the fact that she calls her parents Mummy and Daddy on numerous occasions. Overall she probably did what she did at Milwards because she had been in a bad temper anyhow and just wanted someone to blame, so she took it out on someone she considered lower than her and used her money and status to get what she wanted. Sheilas actions (and possibly her beliefs) change throughout the Inspectors investigation. Upon discovering she is partly responsible for Evas death she manages to get a moment alone with Gerald, where she tries to find out his involvement before he is interrogated by the Inspector. Gerald gives himself away because he says, (started) What? as soon as the Inspector says the name Daisy Renton. It also looks like Sheila becomes more wary and independent after this, as she asks Gerald questions about Eva and guesses correctly Geralds involvement with her You not only knew her but you knew her very well. She also realises that the Inspector knows everything already, Why you fool he knows. Of course he knows. And I hate to think how much he knows that we dont know yet. Youll see. Youll see. The repetition of Youll see is used to emphasise the fact that before the end of the evening, everyone will be proved guilty which shows that Sheila has superior insight to the rest of the family. S heila also gets an insight into the way the Inspector works, which she displays when she uses the wall metaphor, You mustnt try to build up a kind of wall between us and that girl. If you do, then the Inspector will just break it down and itll be all the worse when he does. In effect here she is saying theres no point in trying to lie or avoid responsibility, because you will find out that you are in fact responsible. The wall also represents the barriers the Birlings exact between the rich and the poor She is saying something similar with the rope metaphor Hes giving us the rope so that well hang ourselves. This shows that the Inspector is here to make the Birlings admit to their mistakes, rather than just to arrest then because of course in reality they havent committed any legal crime towards Eva. Shelia is definitely more receptive to the Inspectors message. This is further shown by the fact that she is trying to get the rest of the family to just tell the honest truth It cra zy. Please, stop mother. When Sheila gives the engagement ring back to Gerald this is actually very symbolic. Firstly it shows that Shelia has grown less materialistic and vain and that she values the truth much more, as the ring was the only thing keeping Gerald and her together. In addition it can also be thought of as Sheilas switch from a capitalist to a socialist as she is turning her back on this symbol of materialism. This shows that she was particularly receptive to the Inspector. The fact that Mr. Birling tries to keep the two engaged, Now, Sheila, Im not defending him but you must understand that a lot of young menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ shows that he is still completely oblivious to the Inspectors message and is still trying to hold on to the thing that will help him step up on the social ladder. When the Birlings find out that the Inspector isnt an actually police inspector, they all behave differently. Sheila and Eric dont believe that it makes any difference because the Inspector opened their eyes to how selfish he family is, which is shown when Sheila says sarcastically, I suppose were all nice people now. So the Inspector leaves the biggest impression on the younger generation, which interestingly is mentioned earlier when the Inspector says, We often [leave an impression] on the young ones. Theyre most impressionable. This shows that the younger people have a chance to change their beliefs and do something about it, as they are the future. On the other hand, Mr. and Mrs. Birling seem to think that the Inspectors fakeness makes all the difference. For example Mr. Birling says, If that had been a police inspector and hed heard you confessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This shows that he cares more about appearances and how scandalous the ordeal would be rather than how much of an impact it should have had on his beliefs. Priestleys message is quite complicated. Earlier on the Inspector gives a speech that covers the main themes of the whole play. He says, One Eva Smith has gone, but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us, with their lives, their hopes and fears, their suffering and chance of happiness, all intertwined with our lives, and what we think and what we do. The hopes and fears is to emphasise the fact that these people are actual people, not cheap labour as Mr. Birling says. This whole speech is basically to say that it is not just one person; millions of people are suffering just for the rich to prosper. Afterwards he says, We dont live alone. We are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. And I tell you that the time will come soon when, if men will no learn that lesson, then they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish. The term Fire and blood and anguish is dramatic irony as it is a reference to the World Wars. The fact that the audience knows that this will happen makes them think that socialism is the correct political system. The final part is open to interpretation, but in my opinion when the family gets the phone call to find out that a girl has actually committed suicide, the audience get the idea that the Inspector might actually be God as he appears omniscient, which tells us that God would prefer everyone to share the blame and understand their mistakes, which fits in with Socialist beliefs. The Inspectors role was to make the others admit their secrets and mistakes and make them see that what they did was wrong. Sheila has definitely changed with this, becoming less vain and materialistic. Eric has also changed, becoming more Socialist than Capitalist. The change in the younger generation shows that it is up to them to change the world and make it a better place (a Socialist place). This is because it is too late for the older, elitist more prejudiced generation and the audience knows that because of them the World Wars would be inevitable.

Elephants :: essays research papers

Elephants should not be killed because they are one of the main reasons that people visit the foreign land of Africa. Africa is incredibly hot and is not the most intriguing place to go on your vacation. If there were no elephants the amount of tourists would significantly decrease. Twenty eight percent of all tourist come to see the elephants. In the movie â€Å"Ivory Wars† the narrator says â€Å" One of the few attractions for tourists is the African elephants that run wild and free across the vast plains of the continent of Africa.† When the amount of tourists decrease so does the money that they pay to see the elephants at a safari. Africa is obviously does not have the strongest economy to begin with and without the elephants to bring in tourists the continent of Africa will fall apart. Elephants are exotic and amazing to see, and without them would there really be a reason to visit Africa?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elephants should not be killed because they help the environment. Elephants actually help the environment by acting like a bulldozer and knocking down dead trees that would stand dormant otherwise. Africa does not have the time or money to bulldoze these dead trees that take up land that could be used for some well needed shelter. There are too many homeless people in Africa to have dead trees taking up in some cases large parts of land. Elephants work as construction equipment that Africa does not have the money for. Without these elephants dead trees would take up many miles of that that could be houses sheltering the poor population of Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elephants are an endangered species and they should not be killed for their ivory or they will become extinct. In the article The Poaching Problem the author writes† elephant populations have declined to dangerously low levels.† At the rate that poachers are killing these innocent animal the entire species of elephants will be extinct in the year 2030! That is only twenty five years, I know that does not seem like a long time but it is going to go by fast and every one will regret killing all those poor innocent gentle creatures. In case study 483 they author writes â€Å" During the 1970s and 1980s elephant poaching had included about 1.3 million elephants killed for their tusks.† It is hard to distinguish between legal and illegal ivory so it is sold easily. Elephants :: essays research papers Elephants should not be killed because they are one of the main reasons that people visit the foreign land of Africa. Africa is incredibly hot and is not the most intriguing place to go on your vacation. If there were no elephants the amount of tourists would significantly decrease. Twenty eight percent of all tourist come to see the elephants. In the movie â€Å"Ivory Wars† the narrator says â€Å" One of the few attractions for tourists is the African elephants that run wild and free across the vast plains of the continent of Africa.† When the amount of tourists decrease so does the money that they pay to see the elephants at a safari. Africa is obviously does not have the strongest economy to begin with and without the elephants to bring in tourists the continent of Africa will fall apart. Elephants are exotic and amazing to see, and without them would there really be a reason to visit Africa?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elephants should not be killed because they help the environment. Elephants actually help the environment by acting like a bulldozer and knocking down dead trees that would stand dormant otherwise. Africa does not have the time or money to bulldoze these dead trees that take up land that could be used for some well needed shelter. There are too many homeless people in Africa to have dead trees taking up in some cases large parts of land. Elephants work as construction equipment that Africa does not have the money for. Without these elephants dead trees would take up many miles of that that could be houses sheltering the poor population of Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elephants are an endangered species and they should not be killed for their ivory or they will become extinct. In the article The Poaching Problem the author writes† elephant populations have declined to dangerously low levels.† At the rate that poachers are killing these innocent animal the entire species of elephants will be extinct in the year 2030! That is only twenty five years, I know that does not seem like a long time but it is going to go by fast and every one will regret killing all those poor innocent gentle creatures. In case study 483 they author writes â€Å" During the 1970s and 1980s elephant poaching had included about 1.3 million elephants killed for their tusks.† It is hard to distinguish between legal and illegal ivory so it is sold easily.

Napoleon :: essays research papers

Mastering Luck Explain Quote ?I had been nourished by reflecting on liberty, but I thrust it out of my way when it obstructed me path.? I believe this quote means that Napoleon was a believer in liberty and that he attempted to use it to rule his people justly. The rest of the quote means that liberty and justice can only be used to the point at which it doesn?t challenge his laws and governing power. Napoleon had the aspiration of total domination, and he had no intentions of letting peoples natural freedoms interrupt those dreams. I also believe that the people of those times were fed up with anarchy and lack of control and were willing to give up some of their personal freedoms for the sake of control and a better country. Question 2 Napoleon actually crossed the Alps on a mule. Why did David paint him riding on a horse? What adjectives best describe David?s portrayal of Napoleon? Why? The reason Napoleon was painted on a horse was probably to make him look very courageous. Napoleon was a very vain man and we cannot be sure if he had anything to do with the change from the actual event. A mule usually brings to mind pictures of slow advancement and a very weak attacker, but in reality, they were probably better for going over mountains, which I believe is the reason Napoleon didn?t just use a horse. To describe Napoleon crossing the St. Bernard pass, I think there are many adjectives that could be used. Napoleon looked very daring, because he was pointing onward toward the soon to be conquered lands that he had his mind set on taking for his empire. Napoleon also looked very fierce by the stern face the painter portrayed, and the position the horse was in, which looked like it was about to jump and crush an enemy. The Summit of Greatness Question 1 The above engraving was part of a propaganda campaign directed at both English and French audiences. What was the drawing intended to show the French? Why would they be prepared to believe some of the picture?s more fanciful aspects? The French people had come out of time of oppression by tyrannical monarchs and uncaring, corrupt government officials. They were ready for a new birth as a new nation, which was able to stand on its own and even be an overlord to its neighbors.

Programming and Commercial Effects on Children Essay

Many parents are not aware that commercial programming can have the same effect on child’s cognitive learning as the programming the children are watching. The Merriman-Webster (2012) dictionary defines cognitive as, â€Å"Of relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity (as thinking, reasoning, or remembering). † Research has been done on children’s programming as well as commercial television to show the effects on today’s youth. Even though suggestive adult humor can be found in children’s programming, the impact commercials have toward children is just as important to watch. Television can provide opportunity for children to learn however it should not be a teacher or babysitter for today’s youth. Questions like, â€Å"If a program is scheduled at all hours of the day and into the night, does this make it appropriate for younger children to watch? † should be just one of the many parents should ask when allowing children to watch specific television programming. Intentional or not, programmers use television to influence today’s youth. With today’s ability to view children’s programming on a multitude of different stations and different channels for each station, it is amazing on how much of today’s programming for young children have hidden layers of adult humor. Television writers put subtle instances of adult humor in to children’s programming which allows for them to draw in ratings from a wider range of viewers. Rice (2009) conducted a study on popular children’s cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants in which it states the show is directed toward an age group of approximately 2 to 11 year olds, however research shows that it has a variety of audiences in all age groups. Nearly a quarter (22%) of the viewers ranged from ages 18 to 49. Along with this research, Rice also notes on the schedule of the show to emphasize how it is directed toward a large range of viewers. The show was slotted to air between early morning hours to even later hours, up until close to midnight which by then most of the targeted age group would ave been in bed for a few hours by the time of airing. Rice also recorded subject analysis data for several age groups. In information collected from high school students, the majority of them seem to identify with the shows side kick known as Patrick Star. â€Å"A large majority of respondents say they watch the show because it is â€Å"funny,† â€Å"entertaining,† and â€Å"hilarious† (Rice, 2009, paragraph, 46). On the other hand, when college students were polled they more or less chose to watch because it helped them unwind from a stressful day, possibly like a treat for their bran after a hard day of class work. If a show that is targeted for a much younger age group has a relaxing type of effect, it would be interesting to see how it influences the target age group. When children’s programming is actually aimed towards a large range of viewers how adults choose what their children should watch could have an important impact on how they develop. In recent, years television networks an writers have taken a more proactive approach in educating youth through television programming. Some of this can be seen by the creation of junior channels. Channels like Nick Jr. or Disney Jr. ave created programming geared toward preschoolers and toddlers that use colors and characters to peak their interests. One of the more influential television stations that support child develop has been the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). PBS has had constant influence in child development with shows like Sesame Street and Barney & Friends and now offer new programming like Bob the Builder, Teletubbies and Thomas & Friends. These shows focus on learning in the early stages of a preschoolers development by reaching the alphabet, numbers, dancing, singing and even emotional responses. According to â€Å"The Journal of Media Literacy† (2012), â€Å"To capture and hold viewer attention, each Dora episode features a linear narrative shaped around a high-stakes adventure with serious consequences. It calls upon viewers to interact with the television to help Dora overcome a series of structured challenges. When children hear that they did a good job or a positive response, they tend to want to interact more and thus keeps them interested in the programming. Along with current programming on television, networks have started developing DVD’s to sell to parents when current programming might not peak a child’s interests. Big Companies like Disney, the Brainy Baby Company and Sesame Workshop have started developing age specific programming. When a large company starts to invest in developmental programming, it gives a better sense of satisfaction as the brand is well known. DVD series like Baby Einstein, Brainy Baby and Sesame Beginnings all have their own niche and targeted age range however all promote development and learning. Kikorian, Wartella, and Anderson (2008) state shows like Baby Einstein target viewers from as young as one month old and covers a wide range of topics such as music, art, language and poetry while Sesame Beginnings targets children starting at six months of age. This show features younger versions of the Muppets of Sesame Street and promote interaction between children and their caregivers. Kikoran et al. (2008) also discussed the unique effect of television on children under the age of two and suggests that some research shows that exposure to television during the first few years of life may be associated with poorer cognitive development. This question could be geared toward the overall television experience which includes commercials and the actual programming. With the importance of what is appropriate for children to watch in television, parents seem to be more concerned with actual programming then what is played in between. However, studies have shown that these commercials can be just as influential to our youth. With promotion of movie trailers, current television shows and video games violence is in pure view for children to see and it is less monitored then the actual program. In order to track this data, the authors in an article in the Journal of Advertising had to define how children and their parents viewed violence. For the children defining violence was much more broad as one child responded with, â€Å"Violent is fighting with weapons, with swords, blood, and gore† and another stated, â€Å"Violence is bleeding really bad. Sometimes it’s when somebody falls down and they’re scratched or bleeding really bad† (Brocato et al. 2010). Parents were more unified with defining violence with violence consisting of blood, gore and death. Children seem to think that it is the mother that stresses the importance of them not watching while the fathers feel it is alright as long as they are watching it with them. Both parents shared a common theme in that the commercials are not the issue but the actual programming. Parents also shared that by being present they could address sensitive issues like violence when it happens. Reading through the study it was surprising to see possible limitations that could have address more issues. Parents could have been asked while being present when the issue arose how did the child react to the situation. Another question that might have been asked is how did the child react to the actual discussion about the topic. Was the child more interested in the programming or on what the parents had to say. Ultimately the article had a good basis for what were the more glaring issues and how both the parents and children valued what was played in commercials. Intentional or not, programmers use television to influence today’s youth. This could be from how they act from watching their favorite television program, to desiring a new toy or video game that was currently seen on a commercial. Parents should take the time to watch what their children are watching. One way to see how a child’s favorite program can affect them is to watch the program without the child and then with the child. When watched alone write down instances that might be inappropriate or that draw questions. As the child sits through the program watch how they react to certain situation and then discuss with them on what is positive and what is negative. With correct supervision and discussions, parents have the ability to be a part of the education process with today’s youth.

Microelectronics Reliability Essay

Abstraction Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems or short MEMS, is a engineering that is basically a combination of electro-mechanical stuffs and mechanical technology at a micro graduated table. The engineering used for fiction is derived from the IC fiction procedures and typically ranges from one micrometer to several millimetres. The MEMS engineering finds its usage in assorted applications where for case, micro detectors and/or micro actuators are needed. As its name suggests, MEMS devices are basically mechanical devices that can dwell of fixed parts or a combination of fixed and traveling parts. However this besides gives rise to dependability issues due to both electrical as mechanical issues [ 2 ] s.a. stuff weariness, stiction, dazes etc. The dependability can be greatly enhanced [ 1 ] turn outing the engineering can be suited for usage in high terminal applications. The end of this essay is to present and familiarise the reader to an extent with the operation and the dependability issues of a MEMS accelerometer. First the working of a MEMS accelerometer will be covered after which its dependability will be considered. Here assorted dependability issues will be considered after which†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..some†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.solutions will be given on how to cover with†¦..some†¦..of†¦..the dependability issues. Finally a decision will be drawn if the presented solution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.solutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..are bettering the dependability.IntroductionMEMS engineering devices have established a repute over the old ages as capable detector and actuator devices doing assorted information garnering techniques possible. The engineering enables applications to garner information from the environment in assorted spheres merely to change over them to the electrical sphere. Following to the electrical sphere, the detectors can be fabricated to observe mechanical, thermic, chemical, magnetic and optical signals. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Give some more illustrations about the usage and demo some images etc. particularly mention the usage in automotive industry †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ One noteworthy illustration that possibly talk easy to the head is the usage of MEMS detectors in the modern smartphones. The detector enables the phone to observe up from down for assorted maps s.a. exchanging to a larger screen, GPS applications and game characteristics where the phone detects the tilting for playing some games. Figure†¦ ..shows the usage of accelerometers germinating over the old ages. [ 4 ] As the figure points out, the MEMS accelerometer had made its first visual aspect as a clang detector in an airbag. From there it evolved to be used even in playthings where it needs to be inexpensive and is produced in a high volume. However an application in toys doesn’t need to be extremely dependable unlike the usage in application for automotive terminals s.a. the airbag where a life can be saved depending on the right operation of the detector.1. MEMS accelerometerBasic operationFigures†¦shows a basic MEMS capacitive accelerometer. [ 4 ] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . The MEMS detector shown uses two home bases connected to the cardinal mass w.r.t the fixed home bases as differential capacitances. The electrical capacity is given by The two home bases attached to the cardinal mass signifier series electrical capacities with the fixed home bases. When there is acceleration the mass will travel in the positive or negative way depending on the motion. This in bend will ensue in positive or negative electrical capacity and depending on the distance the capacitances are smaller or larger. Thus for positive motion one capacitance will increase positively while the other will increase negatively, or frailty versa for negative motion. When there is no acceleration the movable mass will be back at its place due to the snap belongingss of Si which consequences in a place equidistance between each outer plates. This will ensue in zero electromotive force on the cardinal home base as the electrical capacity on each side are equal ( except for the sine ) . This is because the outer home bases can be driven with a square moving ridge with the coveted frequence so that one home base sees a positive signal while the other sees a negative signal, and frailty versa. For positive motion the end product square moving ridge is in stage with the input signal resulting in a greater magnitude when demodulated. For negative motion this is the antonym. The described device has merely two outer home bases which means that the sensitiveness will be low. To increase the sensitiveness the figure off traveling fingers ( outer plates ) must be increased [ 1 ] . However every bit will be shown in the text, the more moving parts in the accelerometer the higher the chance of failure.2. Common MEMS failure mechanismsAlthough the MEMS engineering has proved its worth, there are many failure mechanisms that need to be considered when planing to hold a qualitative merchandise at the terminal of the processing. Table†¦ [ 6 ] summarizes the common failure mechanisms of MEMS devices:FailureCauseMechanical FractureOverload, daze ; Corrosion ; FatigueStictionVan der Waals force ; Capillary force ; Chemical bonding ; Electrostatic charging ; Residual emphasisCharge accretionElectric emphasis ; Radiation ; Improper handlingWearAdhesion ; Abrasion ; Corrosion ; Surface wearinessCreep and wearinessIntrinsic emphasis ; Applied emphasis ; Thermal emphasisElectric short and unfastenedDielectric stuff debasement ; ESD, high electric field ; Electromigration ; OxidationContaminationIntrinsic ( e.g. , crystal growing ) ; Manufacturing-induced ; Usage enviro nment-inducedAs the accelerometer is considered as the instance survey, merely some of the failure mechanisms are of involvement. The most of import failure mechanisms are Mechanical breaks. Following to that stiction is besides of import as the accelerometer contains traveling parts. In ulterior subdivisions some solutions will be presented on how to better some of the failure mechanisms.Mechanical fractures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Mechanical break is the most common failure manner and largely is a consequence of Shocks. Dazes are fundamentally sudden accelerations. While usually an accelerometer operates under conditions merely holding to cover low g-shocks s.a. in consumer electronics, auto clang detectors need to defy much more than that to be dependable. Apart from dazes the mechanical failure manner can besides be a consequence of in-use-stiction as a consequence of suspended parts doing contact that under normal conditions doesn’t occur. The latter will be shows in the fol lowing subdivision.Reducing mechanical breaksTo better the MEMS accelerometer assorted methods can be used. One normally used method is to restrict the motion of the cogent evidence mass by implementing a stopper. Figure†¦..shows an execution of the latter. [ 7 ] The T-shaped construction is the stopper. By implementing the stopper, the break of the back uping beams can be avoided as the maximal emphasis on the beams given by the snap is non exceeded. Following to restricting the emphasis it besides prevents the in-use-stiction as the moving parts are prevented from doing contact with the fixed parts. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..fatigue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..shocks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..StictionStiction is one of the most common failure mechanisms in MEMS and occurs where suspended constructions are used ( traveling parts ) . When different parts s.a. the fixed fingers in the accelerometer make contact, these can stay affiliated to one another. Figure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . [ 6 ] †¦shows some illustrations of sidelong or/and perpendicular stiction. Fig†¦ Examples of assorted stiction ( a ) no stiction ; ( B ) merely sidelong stiction ; and ( degree Celsius ) lateral and perpendicular stiction [ 6 ] . The stiction occurs peculiarly in micromachined constructions where the surface country to volume ratio is big ensuing in a typically little stiffness of reconstructing springs. The stiction can hold assorted causes and most of these can be due to processing, elevated RH degrees and dazes. The adhesion occurs either due to van der Waals, electrostatic forces ( trapped charge ) , capillary forces or a combination of these [ 7 ] .Reducing stictionAs the failure mechanisms of MEMS devices are progressively researched, many ways have been proposed to cut down stiction. Some of these where:Modifying the structural stiffnessDesign of the traveling parts with higher stiffness to get the better of the stiction forceSurface chemical scienceUsing hydrophobic surfaces to forestall H2O from coming into contact with the MEMS structures as H2O causes capillary force and hence stiction [ 6 ] . Alternatively a hermetic waterproofing can be usedRough surfacesRough surfaces reduces the Van der Waals f orce and with that the stictionImplementing a stopper to restrict the motion of the cogent evidence mass ( see old subdivision )Anti stiction coating3. DependabilityDefinition of the dependabilityBefore discoursing the dependability of an accelerometer, the definition of dependability must be considered. Reliability is defined as the chance of a certain merchandise to execute harmonizing to its specifications within typical operating conditions for the expected life-time [ 2 ] . The expression for this is given by As for the failure rate, which is defined as the ratio of the entire figure of failures to the entire operating clip [ 1 ] . Thus ? For measuring the dependability there are several standard theoretical accounts that can be used, viz.The exponential dependability distributionThe binomial dependability distributionThe Poisson dependability distributionWeibull dependability distributionIn this text the exponential signifier is used for the dependability analysis as its less complex than other lifetime distribution theoretical accounts. Then the dependability is given by In world the failure rate is besides a map of clip. The failure rate ( as a map of clip ) follows the behaviour of a bathing tub curve [ 1 ] . [ 2 ] The infant mortality part is caused by merchandise defects and perchance besides by cognize how restrictions like when proving paradigms [ 2 ] , as for the wear-out part, this is merely as its name suggests. Here the chance of no failure before clip T is given by [ 9 ] When ciphering the failure rate for increasing smaller intervals of clip, the jeopardy rate H ( T ) is obtained, with However, because we are sing the exponential failure distribution, the jeopardy rate will be changeless and equal to the failure rate. Here we can see merely the utile clip from the bathing tub curve, that is, most infant mortality failures ( with ruinous defects ) can be filtered out during fabricating trials [ 1 ] . This means that we can see the failure rate to be more changeless and therefore the instantaneous jeopardy rate H ( T ) is merely the failure rate.4. Dependability of a capacitive accelerometerAs was stated in the Introduction subdivision, the capacitive accelerometer will be used for the chance analysis since it’s widely used and needs to be dependable adequate particularly in life endangering state of affairss s.a. auto clangs. The structural diagram of an accelerometer with 2N-fingers is shown in Figure†¦ . [ 8 ] Here the accelerometer consists of fixed and movable parts which all demand to be fault-free. The accelerometer consists of 4 ground tackles, 4 back uping beams, 2N-fixed fingers, one movable cardinal mass and N-movable fingers attached to the cardinal mass. As stated before, utilizing more fingers increases the sensitiveness of the accelerometer. Here the system can be considered as a series theoretical account [ 1 ] because if any of the constituents fail, the whole system fails. For simpleness, the fixed parts can be considered holding perfect dependability as most defects are filtered out during the fabricating trial while the traveling parts can hold a higher dependability of failure. The dependability is so given by ( Rdegree Fahrenheitcorresponds to the traveling fingers ) Therefore the entire failure rate is merely the amount of the failure rates which is given by As can be noted, there is a trade-off between the sensitiveness and the failure rate as both are dependent on n-fingers. As the figure of fingers can be increased to better the sensitiveness, this will convey the dependability down.5. General solutionAs discussed antecedently the mechanical break and stiction are thermoset of import failure mechanisms. Here it was shows how to cut down these failures and hence besides the dependability. However if the device fails anyway so it’s considered useless. Unfortunately this can hold serious effects if it’s used in airbag systems and therefore the dependability still needs to be higher. To make this a more general attack can be used. This attack makes usage of ‘spare parts’ . If the accelerometer is broken up into smaller faculties connected together with some excess faculties, the latter can be used to replace the faulty faculties. As the faculties can be connected to some circuitry that would feel if the moving parts are faulty, a faulty faculty can be excluded and replaced by a excess one and this procedure is repeated until the redundant parts are used for replacing. This method is known as BISR ( built in self fix ) . Figure†¦..illustrates this. †¦ . Here the k-out-of-n redundancy theoretical account can be used for the analysis [ 1 ] . The k-out-of-n system consists out of n-modules, withK-modules non-faulty to guarantee the right operation of the MEMS system. When utilizing such a system, until all the excess faculties are used and at least one faculty from the chief device is faulty at the clip, so the system can no longer map decently. This means that the system, unlike when merely one chief faculty is used, is a parallel system. Figure†¦.illustrates this. †¦.. As the figure shows a 3-out-4 system is assumed. Notice that merely the moving parts are considered. That’s similar to the one-module device we can concentrate on the moving parts merely as these cut down the dependability at higher rate than the fixed parts. Again the dependability of one faculty can be done similar as for the one faculty device antecedently discussed in text. The dependability is so given by ( Rdegree Fahrenheitcorresponds to the traveling fingers ) Therefore the entire failure rate is merely the amount of the failure rates which is given by Notice that unlike earlier, the failure rate is reduced as the figure of traveling fingers are increased for better sensitiveness. This means that the trade-off that had to be made earlier is non made any more and a much better dependability is obtained. The entire dependability of a system is given [ 1 ] by Where m is the excess faculty. Therefore in this instance the dependability is given by Inserting the exponential signifier of the dependability for a faculty However, utilizing this method besides increases the usage of the figure of back uping beams which in bend reduces the dependability. But in the visible radiation of the improved dependability by utilizing the BISR attack, the overall dependability increases more than is decreases [ 1 ] doing this method really utile.DecisionMEMS have proven to be rather utile. However like any merchandise dependability issues can originate. The dependability of MEMS in toys doesn’t need to be all that high while for applications in automotive this needs to be really dependable as a unrecorded can depend on it when used in airbag systems. It has been shown that first it’s best to see the failure mechanisms and to better these which makes a longer lifetime possible. To better the dependability even further the BISR attack can be considered. From this it shows that the dependability can be really high and in the hereafter this attack might be considered to better other types of MEMS detectors.Mentions[ 1 ] X. Xiong, Y. Wu, and W. Jone, â€Å"Reliability analysis of self-repairable MEMS accelerometer, † in Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems ( DFT '06 ) , pp. 236–244, October 2006 [ 2 ] Jacopo Iannacci, â€Å"Reliability of MEMS: A position on failure mechanisms, betterment solutions and best patterns at development level† , Center for Materials and Microsystems – CMM, Fondazione Bruno Kessler – FBK, Via Sommarive, 18, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy, accepted 2014 [ 3 ] Frank CHoLLET, Haobing LIUâ€Å"A ( non so ) short direction to MEMS† , Creative Commons, version 5.1, 2013 [ 4 ] Michael Kraft, Neil M. White â€Å"MEMS for automotive and aerospace applications† , Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, 2013 [ 5 ] X. Xiong, Y. Wu, and W. Jone, â€Å"Material weariness and dependability of MEMS accelerometers, † in Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems ( DFT '08 ) , pp. 314–322, October 2008 [ 6 ] Ynhan Huang et Al. â€Å"MEMS Reliability Review† , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON DEVICE AND MATERIALS RELIABILITY, VOL. 12, NO. 2, JUNE 2012 [ 7 ] Allyson L. Hartzell, et Al. â€Å"MEMS Reliability† , Springer, New York, 2011 [ 8 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fandroides.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/8930-62341-How-does-smart-phone-accelerometer-work.png [ 9 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_rate