Essay on Communications Theory - 2849 Words

Communications Theory Communications is that what binds the world. Even though it is easy to give a simple answer when asked what communications exactly is, it is difficult to explain it so that it is understood clearly. There is a lot you need to consider with it. There are different areas concerning communications and very diverse functions in this area. Through this research report we will have a glimpse in the world of communications and with it more knowledge and understanding about it. Corporate Communication Corporate communication exists of different fields, which together have the purpose to make an image and identity of a company and its product. Corporate communication is a management instrument that†¦show more content†¦Corporate communication is found in all sectors of society. Think of hospitals, travel organisations, commercial services industries, industrial companies, universities, air companies, telecom companies and so on. Every company needs a specific image to be successful in their field. A professional magazine like Focus is a very important magazine. Each year, chief executives of the US’s largest companies anxiously wait for the publication of Focus Magazine’s survey of America’s Most Admired Companies, the leading arbiter of corporate reputations. To be working in the field of corporate communication you will need skills as:  · Basic communication skills (presenting, organising, researching);  · Strategic issues management (stakeholder theory, strategic issues, strategic management);  · Strategic information technology planning (improving the effectiveness/competitiveness);  · Strategic external communication (communication campaigns);  · Economical psychology (explaining the behaviour of external stakeholders);  · Employee communication;  · Public affairs: European Political Environment;  · Investor relations (trust between a firm and its stakeholders);  · Corporate branding: (a distinguishment of a company to its rivals with its customers); and  · Argumentation theory Professions in the field of corporate communication are for example: Communications consultant, Marketer. A company hires you to improve theirShow MoreRelatedCommunication Theories Paper1190 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication theories paper Amanda Haring Com 310 â€Æ' Communication is defined as a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior. Communication helps us understand one another. (Communication, 2011). Communication is broken down into theories. Three examples of these theories would be the social penetration theory, cognitive dissonance theory and the uncertainty reduction theory. The social penetration theoryRead MoreCommunication Theories Paper1913 Words   |  8 Pages Communication Theories Paper Communication theories are important to learn and understand. Learning these theories helps us apply the theory to our own life. It helps our critical thinking skills as well as benefits one to understand the value of research that has been accomplished in this field. 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One of the biggest things I took out of this class, was how the class impled me to learn how to apply some ofRead MoreCommunication Theory and Theory Application Example Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication Theories and Application Worksheet Fill out the different cells with regard to each theory definition. You are to identify the theory the example represents, who developed the theory (theorist), explain the relevance of the theory, and then provide your own personal or professional application example of the theory. Theory Definition Identify the Theory Theorist(s) Relevance of Theory Application Example from your Personal or Professional Life Theory explains why as relationshipsRead More Communication Theory Essay examples996 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication Theory â€Å"Communication encompasses a great deal of human (and) animal activity, reading, writing, listening, speaking and viewing images, are all acts of communication† (Croft, 2004, p. 1) . 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College Athlete Compensation College Athletes - 2260 Words

COLLEGE ATHLETE COMPENSATION When the topic of college comes up, many things come to mind. Those are the glory days for most of us. The college parties, the struggle to find a balance between having fun and maintaining a good GPA, and not to mention the amazing athletic departments that colleges offer. Everyone enjoys sports but does anyone ever stop to wonder how much goes into preparing for those games? There’s very much work that goes in the preparation of a student athlete other than just showing up for practice. It’s definitely a lot more work than your average college student which is why the question whether or not college athletes should get paid comes up. Football alone brings in millions of dollars a year; and with all that cash†¦show more content†¦Not to mention that practice is a requirement; if somebody misses too many practices, there’s a high chance they will get kicked off the team. The equivalent to a job someone could say that they are being fired. Along with attempting to be the best at the sport an athlete performs, comes the struggle of maintaining a high enough grade point average to actually play. This means adding on another 10-20 hours a week of studying, not to mention the time spent in class. The usual college football team, requires a minimum of a 2.0 grade point average. Now, that might not seem like too hard of a challenge, but add in the exhaustion from said sport and the temptation of wanting to have a social life. Another thing t to mention is that certain sports require student-athletes to miss class for away games. For example, the NCAA championship required Florida State University (FSU) football players to miss the first day of Spring Classes. When comparing the workload and pay between a coach and a collegiate athlete, the difference is absurd. At the moment, these students are only compensated with free tuition, free room, and free board. In the event that times change and college students b egin to earn an hourly minimum wage, the estimated amount of money they would receive is 330 dollars a week, not including the local and federal taxes taken out. Universities refuse to acknowledge the thought of a minimum wage. According to them

Communicative Language Testing Free Essays

Teaching and testing are so closely interrelated. It is obvious that the development of different theories and approaches of language learning and teaching also affects the history of language testing. Therefore, it is common to see evolution of both language teaching and language testing. We will write a custom essay sample on Communicative Language Testing or any similar topic only for you Order Now There has been a shift from analytical to integrative approach in both language teaching and language testing falling into three stages: ? Grammar –translation ? Structural ? Communicative ApproachThese three generations of language teaching are seen parallel to three generations of language testing. Through this shift, new ideas about language testing and new ways of evaluating the performance of language learners have emerged. The traditional description led to the teaching and learning of formal patterns of the language and the testing of language structures and vocabulary within a discrete – point single sentence format while the elaboration of communicative competence has had a considerable impact on language testing. Applied linguistics claimed that communicative language testing means not communicative testing of language, but the testing of communicative language. Thus, what distinguishes communicative language testing is the introduction of real – language input rather than new methodology of testing. As far as testing grammar is concerned, grammar has always been regarded as an important area for testing learner’s language proficiency. It still occupies a major position and is still present in many school examinations and even with commercially available proficiency tests.There is no doubt that this is a category to be measured when investigating an individual’s performance in a language. Thus, a better understanding of the construct of grammar is needed in order to improve the ways in which grammar is tested. However, what is of great importance is the extent to which the role of grammar has to play within communicative competence. The methods of testing grammar nowadays have been rather limited. Little attention has been given to create unique test designs for testing grammar within a communicative curriculum.Looking at commercially produced tests and available practice materials for tests, there has not much changed in them as there is not much that provides practice for testing communicative grammar communicatively. There is a common practice to test grammatical competence through decontextualised, isolated sentence formats and discrete-point items, which still seems to hold firm in the testing practice although various models of language proficiency have been proposed which advocate the measurement of the constituent parts of language proficiency communicatively.According to some experts, such type of test is non-communicative and context independent. As a reaction against the traditional assessment of using grammatical items divorced from the context, an alternative approach for the assessment of grammar w ith the notion of contextualizing items in a grammar test was introduced since testers pointed out that with isolated format there is a danger of testing an ability to do particular type of test rather than an ability to use the language. Other attempts to move away from discrete-point, decontextualised test items assessing grammatical competence include a variety of test formats. These tests measure grammatical competence within the framework of testing global language skills like speaking and writing, and listening and reading. There are views that a test of grammar has to be administered through some medium. Since most of grammar tests are in written form, the test-taker have to read in order to be able to respond to the grammar test items. This caused then the emergence of integrative tests. These integrative tests are often used as instruments for measuring one’s knowledge of ‘the rules in use’ in a specific context of communication.However, because of the nature of language in use, a number of issues have been raised by testers as to what language to sample for assessment and against what criteria performance on communicative language should be evaluated in order to ensure the generalisability of the results. Based on the assumption that grammar is central for effective and efficient communication, there have been attempts to describe the nature of instruments for testing grammar communicatively, which, however, does not seem to be adequately specified yet. It is a fact that in order to measure the ‘rules in use’, communicative grammar should be tested communicatively. Rea Dickins suggests that this can happen only if a test-taker is engaged in a communicative act in contexts that allow for the creation of meaning. Therefore, she claims that the communicative testing of grammar requires a task-based approach, within which there are at least five factors that make a grammar test communicative: 1. The contextualization of test items: a test should not comprise a number of decontextualised single sentences 2. The identification of a communicative purpose for the test activity 3.The identification of an audience to whom the communication is addressed 4. Instructions to the test taker that focus on meaning rather than on form 5. The opportunity for the test taker to create his/her own message and to produce grammatical responses as appropriate to a given context It is obvious that there is still a considerable discrepancy between the theory and practice in communicative grammar testing at our schools. Grammar testing appears not to have kept apace with developments in other areas of language description and language teaching.Moreover, the teachers are not sure about which are the most appropriate ways of testing grammatical competence. These are the following reasons why much grammar testing still reflects the best practice of the traditional method: †¢ high reliabilities are appealing to educational decision makers †¢ any move away from the objective decontextualised and decomposable approach to grammar testing raises certain difficulties †¢ ‘Communicative‘ testing (as indeed teaching) places greater demands on teachers and challenges their ompetence in English More open-ended wri ting tasks, through which grammar may be tested, require a new set of skills for test design, format, and item writing, with implications for more explicit marking schemes, appropriate design and application of different rating scales. The teachers prefer using well tried methods to avoid uncertainties about how to test grammar communicatively. It can be the result of constraints imposed by a syllabus, too.Where syllabus and/or textbooks reflect an exclusive form focused approach to teaching grammar, it is no surprise that any grammar testing may be similarly restricted in focus and format. How to cite Communicative Language Testing, Essays

Change Management Plan Management

Question: What is Change Management Plan? Explain. Answer: Changes to project scope can have a direct impact on the cost of the project and thus, it is one of the most crucial part of project. Thus, scope changes would be communicated to decision makers to obtain agreement and a formal process for change control would be deployed such that all necessary changes would be listed, their order of execution would be planned and everyone who would be affected would be communicated about the changes. To obtain approval, a change request form would be prepared containing details of project changes such as problem description, change description, justification, change category, and approval disposition. The change request form would go to a change review committee for the evaluation of changes. This committee would be formed out of people from different technical teams who would be selected on the basis of their capacity to understand the impact of changes. Changes that would be approved by this committee would be entered into a project plan. This project plan would be used by project manager who would assign responsibilities for each of the change decided and would communicate the same to respective team person. Project manager would be managing a change control process which would include management of change request forms, change review and evolution, change priority and classification and change approval. During the change control process, the change proposal would be validated and the impact of changes would be assessed by the project manager. After the project change is approved and decisions are made about changes to be done, the project manager would communicate to the team members about their individual responsibilities to carry out changes. The project manager would also report to the stakeholder by presenting all changes, their schedule and impacts on project. Change Control Management Process is created form four of its key components that are explained below: Change request forms: These forms identified all the changes to be made and confirms necessary details that are required for making decisions about them. A Change Request Form would have following details: Name and contact details of the originator of the change Date of submission Problem Description: As the Shanghai Port is 180 kms away from the China Plant of the company, additional logistics steps are required when any goods have to be shipped out of China. This requires transporting products from plant to Hangzhou port through truck, then loading them into container, then containers are loaded into barge that are shipped to Shanghai port where they are off-loaded again and then trucked to other area of port where they are loaded again on to ships. Description of the change: The facility of plant would be shifted from Hangzhou to Shanghai. Justification for the change: The steps involved in logistics can be reduced if the plant is shifted to Shanghai, location where more requirements are coming from, transportation costs from Hangzhou port to Shanghai port would not be needed and this would save huge costs to the company. Category of change: Relocation of plant to save on transportation costs. Impact of changes on project schedule and budget: Schedule of transportation would improve as the loading, truck transport, and offloading from Hangzhou port to Shanghai port would be eliminated. As the additional processes are currently incurring transportation and handling costs, their removal would also reduce costs and thus, budget would be reduced. Approval disposition Signature and date of Project Managers Date of Approval and signature of Project Sponsors Date of change updates in Change Request Log and project plan. Change review and evaluation: This reviews of changes would be done on the basis of certain factors : Skill requirement Impact of change on project schedule and project budget: The changes would be added to the existing project plan by the project manager to understand the impact of changes on project schedule and budget. The plan and work break down structure would be reviewed for assessment of impacts graphically. Risks on project changes Rework requirement Need for additional resources such as material, people, tools and technologies Change priority and classification: Changes decided would be categorized as per their priority of achievement which can be critical, high, medium or low. Changes that are critical to the success of project, are mandatory and need to be exercised within a week are given top priority. Changes that are important for the success of the project such as those affecting processes significantly, are given high priority. Changes that have significant impact on project but they do not directly support or hinder any processes, are categorized as Medium priority work. All other work are put into low priority. Change approval: A change review committee meet project managers, originator of change request and managers to discuss over the change plan for making decisions about them. Proposed changes would be analyze in the meeting with respect their impacts on project schedule and cost. If this impact goes out of the change control criteria, the change would be discarded or would be reconsidered. For instance, if the change affect the dates of deliveries significantly thereby consuming more time of staff then